参考文献

fajenb.r.,etwarren,“behavioraldynamicsofsteering,obstableavoidance,androuteselection”,journalofexperimentalpsychology,vol.29,avril2003,p.343.

druryj.,langstonp.,etal.,“cooperationversuscompetitioninamassemergencyevacuation:anewlaboratorysimulationandanewtheoreticalmodel”,behaviorresearchmethods,vol.41,août2009,pp.957-970.

8.帮一把,还是快逃开?

灾难现场目击者报告:

darleyj.m.,etlatanéb.,“bystanderinterventioninemergencies:difusionofresponsibility”,journalofpersonalityandsocialpsychology,vol.8,avril1968,pp.377.

施展慷慨行为时的脑成像:

parks.q.,tobler,etal.,“aneurallinkbetweengenerosityandhappiness”,naturecommunications,vol.8,juillet2017.

人类的利他本性:

tomasellom.,whywecooperate,cambridge,themitpress,2009.

说服的技巧:

guéguenn.,etpascuala.,“evocationoffreedomandcompliance:the‘butyouarefreeof...’technique”,currentresearchinsocialpsychology,vol.5,septembre2000,pp.264-270.

cialdinir.b.,influence,portharcourt/paris,businessman/albinmichel,1987.

紧张压力使人更慷慨:

rand,greenej.d.,etnowak,“spontaneousgivingandcalculatedgreed”,nature,vol.489,septembre2012,pp.427-430.

buchanan,,etpreston,s.d.,“stressleadstoprosocialactioninimmediateneedsituations”,frontiersinbehavioralneuroscience,vol.8,janvier2014,pp.1-6.

让实验者紧张起来的温和手段:

kirschbaumc.,pirke,ethellhammer,“the“triersocialstresstest”-atoolforinvestigatingpsychobiologicalstressresponsesinalaboratorysetting”,neuropsychobiology,vol.28,1993,pp.76-81.

“9·11”事件及2005年伦敦地铁恐怖袭击后的走访:

blakes.,galeae.,westengh.,etdixona.j.,“ananalysisofhumanbehaviourduringthewtcdisasterof11september2001basedonpublishedsurvivoraccounts”,proceedingsofthe3rdinternationalsymposiumonhumanbehaviourinfire,vol.1,septembre2004,pp.181-192.

druryj.,cockingc.,etreichers.,“thenatureofcollectiveresilience:survivorreactionstothe2005londonbombings”,internationaljournalofmassemergenciesanddisasters,vol.27,mars2009,pp.66-95.

“泰坦尼克号”上的逃生:

corradof.,titanic,lille,hachettecollections,2003.

“旁观者效应”的元分析:

fischerp.,kainbacherm.,etal.,“thebystander-effect:ametaanalyticreviewonbystanderinterventionindangerousandnon-dangerousemergencies”,psychologicalbulletin,vol.137,juillet2011,pp.517-537.

关于利他行为会“传染”的研究:

tsvetkovam.,etmacy,“thesocialcontagionofgenerosity”,plosone,vol.9,février2014.

fowler,etchristakis,“cooperativebehaviorcascadesinhumansocialnetworks”,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences,vol.107,mars2010,pp.5334-5338.

9.信息流行病

在梅连度进行的埃博拉病毒源头调查:

saéz,sachsea.,etal.,“investigatingthezoonoticoriginofthewestafricanebolaepidemic”,embomolecularmedicine,vol.7,décembre2014,pp.17-24.

中世纪黑死病传播研究:

noblej.v.,“geographicandtemporaldevelopmentofplagues”,nature,vol.250,août1974,pp.726-729.

人的移动与疾病传播的关系研究:

brockmannd.,ethelbingd.,“thehiddengeometryofcomplex,network-drivencontagionphenomena”,science,vol.342,décembre2013,pp.1337-1342.

脸书上的图像传播实验:

chengj.,adamicl.,dow,kleinberg,etleskovecj.,“cancascadesbepredicted?”,proceedingsofthe23rdinternationalconferenceonworldwideweb,avril2014,pp.925-936.

h1n1流感在推特上的信息传播:

salathém.,etkhandelwals.,“assessingvaccinationsentimentswithonlinesocialmedia:implicationsforinfectiousdiseasedynamicsandcontrol”,ploscomputationalbiology,vol.7,octobre2011.

假新闻传播速度研究:

vosoughis.,royd.,etarals.,“thespreadoftrueandfalsenewsonline”,science,vol.359,mars2018,pp.1146-1151.

最早关于信息在传播中的歪曲的研究之一:

bartlettf.,remembering:anexperimentalandsocialstudy,cambridge,cambridgeuniversitypress,1932.

我们关于谣言传播的研究:

moussaïdm.,brightonh.,etgaissmaierw.,“theamplificationofriskinexperimentaldifusionchains”,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences,vol.112,avril2015,pp.5631-5636.

10.人际网络

米尔格伦的“六度分隔”研究:

traversj.,etmilgrams.,“anexperimentalstudyofthesmall-worldproblem”,sociometry,vol.32,décembre1969,pp.425-443.

对网络进行科学研究的两篇奠基性论文:

wattsd.j.,etstrogatz,“collectivedynamicsof‘small-world’networks”,nature,vol.393,juin1998,pp.440-443.

barabási,etalbertr.,“emergenceofscalinginrandomnetworks”,science,vol.286,octobre1999,pp.509-512.

该领域的两本重要参考书:

barabási,linked,newyork,plume,2003.

wattsd.j.,sixdegrees:thescienceofaconnectedage,newyork,norton&company,2004.

克里斯塔基斯和富勒的关于“社交传染”的多项研究成果:

christakis,etfowler,connected:thesurprisingpowerofoursocialnetworksandhowtheyshapeourlives,boston,little,brownandcompany,2009.

christakis,etfowler,“thespreadofobesityinalargesocialnetworkover32years”,newenglandjournalofmedicine,vol.357,juillet2007,pp.370-379.

christakis,etfowler,“thecollectivedynamicsofsmokinginalargesocialnetwork”,newenglandjournalofmedicine,vol.358,mai2008,pp.2249-2258.

fowlerj.h.,etchristakisn.a.,“dynamicspreadofhappinessinalargesocialnetwork:longitudinalanalysisover20yearsintheframinghamheartstudy”,bmj,vol.337,décembre2008,p.2338.

脸书用户的心理侧写:

kosinskim.,stillwelld.,etgraepelt.,“privatetraitsandattributesarepredictablefromdigitalrecordsofhumanbehavior”,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences,vol.110,mars2013,pp.5802-5805.

对影响力渠道的研究:

arals.,etwalkerd.,“identifyinginfluentialandsusceptiblemembersofsocialnetworks”,science,vol.337,juin2012,pp.337-341.

脸书与大选期间的政治动员关系研究:

bond,fowler,etal.,“a61-million-personexperimentinsocialinfluenceandpoliticalmobilization”,nature,vol.489,septembre2012,p.295.

情绪传染的争议性研究:

kramera.d.,guillory,ethancock,“experimentalevidenceofmassive-scaleemotionalcontagionthroughsocialnetworks”,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciencesoftheunitedstatesofamerica,vol.111,juin2014,p.8788.

11.千猜万判铸一智

高尔顿切蛋糕法:

galtonf.,“cuttingaroundcakeonscientificprinciples”,nature,vol.75,décembre1906,p.173.

19世纪思想家们对大众智慧的负面判断:

lebong.,psychologiedesfoules,paris,félixalcan,1895.

mackayc.,extraordinarypopulardelusionsandthemadnessofcrowds,londres,richardbentley,1841.

弗朗西斯·高尔顿关于估算牛重量的文章:

galtonf.,“voxpopuli”,nature,vol.75,mars1907,pp.450-451.

畅销书《群体的智慧》:

surowieckij.,thewisdomofthecrowds,newyork,doubledaybooks,2004.

关于医生群体的智慧:

kurvers,wolfm.,etal.,“boostingmedicaldiagnosticsbypoolingindependentjudgments”,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences,vol.113,août2016,pp.8777-8782.

kämmer,hautz,herzog,kunina-habenichto.,etkurvers,“thepotentialofcollectiveintelligenceinemergencymedicine:poolingmedicalstudents’independentdecisionsimprovesdiagnosticperformance”,medicaldecisionmaking,vol.37,mars2017,pp.715-724.

关于多样性预测定理:

page,thediference:howthepowerofdiversitycreatesbettergroups,firms,schools,andsocieties,princeton,princetonuniversitypress,2008.

社交影响力对集体判断的影响:

lorenzj.,rauhuth.,schweitzerf.,ethelbingd.,“howsocialinfluencecanunderminethewisdomofcrowdefect”,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences,vol.108,mai2011,pp.9020-9025.

muchnikl.,arals.,ettaylors.j.,“socialinfluencebias:arandomizedexperiment”,science,vol.341,août2013,pp.647-651.

学生给教师评分制度的负面影响:

eiszler,“collegestudents’evaluationsofteachingandgradeinflation”,researchinhighereducation,vol.43,août2002,pp.483-501.

文化市场中的集体判断:

salganikm.j.,doddsp.s.,etwattsd.j.,“experimentalstudyofinequalityandunpredictabilityinanartificialculturalmarket”,science,vol.311,février2006,pp.854-856.

12.朝阳升起时

路易斯·冯·安的验证码:

vonahnl.,maurerb.,mcmillenc.,abrahamd.,etblumm.,“recaptcha:human-basedcharacterrecognitionviawebsecuritymeasures”,science,vol.321,septembre2008,pp.1465-1468.

大众参与美国国家航空航天局研究的例子:

westphala.j.,simionovicia.s.,etal.,“evidenceforinterstellaroriginofsevendustparticlescollectedbythestardustspacecraft”,science,vol.345,août2014,pp.786-791.

众包式科研的成果:

coopers.,folditplayers,etal.,“predictingproteinstructureswithamultiplayeronlinegame”,nature,vol.466,août2010,pp.756-760.

khatibf.,bakerd.,etal.,“crystalstructureofamonomericretroviralproteasesolvedbyproteinfoldinggameplayers”,naturestructural&molecularbiology,vol.18,septembre2011,pp.1175-1177.

sørensenj,sherson,etal.,“exploringthequantumspeedlimitwithcomputergames”,nature,vol.532,avril2016,pp.210-213.

gowerst.,etnielsenm.,“massivelycollaborativemathematics”,nature,vol.461,octobre2009,pp.879-881.

对维基百科编辑质量的研究:

casebournei.,daviesc.,fernandesm.,etnormann.,assessingtheaccuracyandqualityofwikipediaentriescomparedtopopularonlineencyclopaedias:acomparativepreliminarystudyacrossdisciplinesinenglish,spanishandarabic,brighton,epicuk,2012.

蚂蚁和白蚁巢穴的构造:

moreira,ramos,etal.,“externalandinternalstructureofattabisphaericaforel(hymenoptera:formicidae)nests”,journalofappliedentomology,vol.128,avril2004,pp.204-211.

pernaa.,theraulazg.,etal.,“thestructureofgallerynetworksinthenestsoftermitecubitermesspp.revealedbyx-raytomography”,naturwissenschaften,vol.95,mai2008,pp.877-884.

群居型昆虫的建筑行为:

grassép.p.,“lathéoriedelastigmergie:essaid’interprétationducomportementdestermitesconstructeurs”,insectessociaux,vol.6,1959,pp.41-81.

后记

关于大众监测仪的灵感来源“地球神经系统”,它是在2012年欧洲的“信息通信未来”(futureict)项目框架下提出的:

giannottif.,helbingd.,etal.,“aplanetarynervoussystemforsocialminingandcollectiveawareness”,theeuropeanphysicaljournalspecialtopics,vol.214,novembre2012,pp.49-75.

有关步行加速器的设想:

martis.,“onvabientôtmarchersurletrottoirintelligent”,ladépêche,mars2011.

蜜蜂舞蹈的研究:

vonfrischk.,thedancelanguageandorientationofbees,cambridge,harvarduniversitypress,1967.