第五部分 绝对馈赠 第十八章 伟大的异见者

金斯伯格反复强调的是(但其他人一直都没明白),没有必要故意和稀泥,因为平权行动本身不存在违宪的问题:“我多次解释为什么政府人员,以及各州的大学不能对‘公开种族隔离的历史’以及‘数百年来的法定不平等’所产生的持续影响视而不见。”

然而,金斯伯格作为平权行动合宪的呼吁者,却显得有些讽刺。表面上看,法律似乎是在帮助女性,比如金斯伯格曾在70年代挑战过的更为宏观的《社会保障法》,却被框定为平权行动。不同之处在于,金斯伯格在律师时期所挑战的法律,如女性不能担任陪审员,当时常常是道貌岸然地以维护女性利益的面孔出现。正如金斯伯格常说的,我们很难分辨出哪些是犹如桎梏的陈规,因为它们常常披着福利的金外衣。

与之相对,金斯伯格很早就意识到平权行动在实现“平等”原则上的恰当定位不应是“施以好意”,而是“确保女性在工作中,可以与能力同自己相近的男性获得同样的待遇”。金斯伯格尤其明白,与对女性采用保护性法律的方式不同,那些让黑人受益的项目,比如在大学录取时给予的额外考虑,通常能让他们真正受益,这远胜于把他们刻意置于极度历史性不公正造就的境遇之中。在金斯伯格的分析中,历史的遗留影响总是突出的。

费舍尔案中,针对学校的混淆性行为、职业不当行为以及宪法性错误等议题的投票结果是7∶1。但金斯伯格并没有责备她的同僚,在异议中她更担心的是未来。

第二天,她在另一起案件中再次提出了异议。

6月25日,星期二,首席大法官罗伯茨宣布1965年的投票权法案中要求各州(如阿拉巴马)修订其选举法要先与司法部协商——即所谓的预检制度——违反宪法。罗伯茨很有底气地说,看看亚拉巴马州现在已经有多少黑人在投票,而国会仍可以拒绝放开那些长期被监督的南方州,这一规定已经不再合理,也就不再合乎宪法。

金斯伯格提出了异议,在痛心疾首地罗列了一长串阻止黑人投票的活动后,直到最近(2010年)发生在亚拉巴马州的例子,金斯伯格总结:“废除一直在阻止歧视性变化方面发挥作用,并将继续发挥作用的预检制度,就如同把伞扔在暴雨里,却告诉大家原因是自己还没有淋湿。”

现在是2013年6月,金斯伯格把她的异议装入漂流瓶中,以待未来的法院接受。

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